examples of groupthink in healthcare

Groupthink; errors; group decision making; healthcare team; scoping review. They simply went ahead and ran the ad. Reward creativity and give group members regular opportunities to share their ideas and thoughts. Cognitive influences facilitating Groupthink 1,3,9,10 Conclusion Medical education and clinical medicine occur frequently in small groups or teams. When this news hit the headlines, it proved to have dire consequences for the people behind the film (some were even arrested.) As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. In addition, each of the four individuals trusts each other's judgment. Actively seek and value diversity on teams to include age, cultural, educationaland ideas. Examples like these are why many boards now select a person who plays devils advocate. ", 25 Best Ways to Make a Good First Impression, 25 Best Ways to Overcome the Fear of Failure, 100 Best Side Hustles for Teens to Make Money, 10 Proven Psychological Pricing Strategies with Examples, 100 Office Etiquette Rules You Need to Know, 50 Best Business Letter Closings of All-Time. Another aspect was the idea that Saddam was planning to launch attacks with these weapons. Believe it or not, there was actually a time when smoking was seen as good for you or even healthy. In reality, it was the exact opposite. Kodak succumbed to the symptoms of groupthink and flatly refused to adopt this new technology. In this experiment, Jones told students he was starting a fictional movement known as The Third Wave. He then took various beliefs held by the Nazi Party and passed these off as the aims of his movement. Embrace conflict dont quell it in the interest of harmony. And Ryan interpreted the audit system not allowing for patient control as onerous. Don't miss a post! Media accounts of the noncompliant groups suggest that the conditions that often cause groupthinksuch as high levels of cohesion and isolation, stress, strong conformity pressures, and directive but misinformed leadershipwere all in evidence as these groups grew in influence and intensity. Encourage group members to remain critical. Swissair, the national airline of Switzerland, is a classic.. The review includes case studies, experimental studies, literature reviews, example applications, and proposed modifications to the groupthink theory. House prices would continue to rise no matter what. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000132. They were worried about how this could impact their career. Group decision making: The potential for groupthink. The majority voted for Brexit, but the decision has caused many problems for the UKproblems that could have been avoided if every opinion had been heard and respected. Assign at least one individual to take the role of the "devil's advocate.". The term groupthink has been in popular usage since the 1970s, and its applicability to the multibillion-dollar 21st-century healthcare industry could not be more salient than it is today when we need more creative solutions to vexing problems than ever before. And although groups like the ALS Association received millions in extra funding, most people had no idea that there were positive intentions behind this challenge. When groups are tasked with coming to consensus on a course of action, agreement feels good it denotes progress and group belonging. When there are structural issues (such as group isolation and a lack of impartial, The suppression of individual opinions and creative thought can lead to inefficient. This escalation resulted in a bombing campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder and the eventual deployment of American troops in Vietnam. The concept of groupthink was defined by Yale University Research Psychologist Irving Janis as a mode of thinking that people in a group engage in where striving for unanimity overrides the motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. Their sources of information are limited to those aligned with their ideology. Eight databases were systematically searched for articles focusing on groupthink among health professional teams using a scoping review methodology. Osborne SR, Alston LV, Bolton KA, Whelan J, Reeve E, Wong Shee A, Browne J, Walker T, Versace VL, Allender S, Nichols M, Backholer K, Goodwin N, Lewis S, Dalton H, Prael G, Curtin M, Brooks R, Verdon S, Crockett J, Hodgins G, Walsh S, Lyle DM, Thompson SC, Browne LJ, Knight S, Pit SW, Jones M, Gillam MH, Leach MJ, Gonzalez-Chica DA, Muyambi K, Eshetie T, Tran K, May E, Lieschke G, Parker V, Smith A, Hayes C, Dunlop AJ, Rajappa H, White R, Oakley P, Holliday S. Med J Aust. For example, if. By Kendra Cherry Keith Carlson, RN, BSN, NC-BC, has been a nurse since 1996. What we saw in the groups that overcame groupthink is that it began with one member expressing dissatisfaction with the status quo. Med Teach. As a young debate team member, I learned the importance of learning to debate both sides of any issue. These tactics will help teams keep fresh ideas alive to fuel organizational creativity and innovation. Groupthink is a common factor in bad decision-making and serious ethical breaches. They might try to shut down any group member who brings a different perspective. Groupthink can also . This group believed that it was possible to increase profits quarter after quarter. Takes longer. Get the latest blog posts sent directly to your email. In situations characterized by groupthink, individuals may self-censor criticism of the group decision, or group leaders may suppress dissenting information. Who will lead the charge, dear Reader? Groupthink is a term coined by Irving Janis in 1972. Groupthink among health professional teams in patient care: A scoping review. According to Janis, the key characteristics of groupthink are: In the 1980s, NASA earlier debuted a space shuttle program that would be accessible to the public. groupthink n. a type of thinking engaged in by a group of people deliberating an issue, typically characterized by the making of injudicious decisions through individuals' unwillingness to challenge group consensus. Groupthink is a type of thinking when members of a group accept the group consensus uncritically. Stereotyped beliefs about other groups can contribute to this biased sense of rightness. This video then explained that they were part of a social experiment. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. A good example of this is Mensa. "It is no measure of health to be well adjusted to a profoundly sick society." And groupthink . Establish metrics or definitions to make sure that everyone is basing decisions or judgments on the same information. This more than likely happened because the community wanted to keep group cohesiveness and harmony in the town. Its been found that members with better jobs and education have a great amount of influence over lesser members and can persuade them to change their verdict. Groupthink Definition. Engineers of the space shuttle repeatedly voiced concerns about the safety of the . Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. She claims that a small group of individuals controlled Enron and had complete control over the companies decision-making processes. See this image and copyright information in PMC. We wanted to learn from the exceptions when and how do they keep new ideas alive? When such changes are in the planning stages, staff members (who are often seen as nothing more than mere cannon fodder) are not consulted and typically told to suck it up and not ask questions because this is the way were doing it now.. Groupthink, a term coined by Irving Janis to depict premature consensus seeking in highly cohesive groups, is a theory that has been widely discussed in disciplines outside health care. At the time, there was no standard technology platform for health care providers, and no common technical language or coordination efforts across state lines. The Swiss national carrier was once renowned for its financial stability. There were dozens of reasons why (the biggest being accounting irregularities), but another answer was groupthink. Diverse perspectives on the groupthink theory - A literary review. A political organization has a firm ideological agenda. This challenge quickly went viral, and millions of people took part, without really knowing what the purpose of the stunt was. People in groups often make mistakes, not because they have been overcome by their emotions or have subpar intelligence but because group-level processes prevent members from accurately appraising information, identifying errors, and considering superior alternatives. Of these people, 20 were later executed. Kony 2012 was a documentary that focused on Ugandan war criminal and militia leader Joseph Kony. Acknowledge the groups positive progress when members agree to the why even when disagreeing about the how. The people involved in this industry refused to believe that anything could go wrong. Americans often believe what they want to, and here are some examples. Because from an audit train standpoint, I would agree, its going to be very difficult to submit backup every time a physician may access a patients record in their own system. Daniel: It sounds like we have broad agreement about some of these elements. Regardless of this, the public and news media went along with the lie, and this helped to create support for the invasion. On Dec. 4, 2016, Edgar Maddison Welch of Salisbury, N.C . While some headway has been made in legislating residents hours, the reality is still mostly the same, with severely compromised residents populating teaching hospitals throughout the country like an army of highly educated zombies. Dan spoke from the perspective of the patient, who may not have the time or interest to carefully look through the audit. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. This analysis won the 2020 Group Dynamics Most Valuable Paper award. Bookshelf Even though incredibly intelligent people ran this airline, they couldnt find a way out of the situation. Groupthink can occur any time you involve a group of people in decision-making. What this example also shows us is how the use of experts can influence people. On the fifth day, Ron told students that they were going to watch a video. According to historical sources, a small group of teenage girls (led by a 17-year-old called Elizabeth Hubbard) instigated the trials when they began accusing others of witchcraft. Groups are tempted to gravitate towards the status quo because they dont face a high cost if they fail. To avoid groupthink in your teams we recommend managers take the following three steps. Once that permission is granted, you dont need another audit trail, because the information is now the physicians information within their own office, right? KL2 TR002385/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States. Upon release, this ad sparked a huge outcry, resulting in it being pulled from television within a day. Assign specific roles to certain members of the group. (Features & Stereotypes). One of the features of groupthink is that such groups often have exaggerated beliefs in their abilities. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There were also significant legal, security and privacy concerns ranging from cybersecurity to patient privacy. Without such leadership, groupthink and its stalwart companion ignorance will continue to hobble our best efforts. Making better decisions in groups. Multi-Disciplinary Meetings (MDM) in which medical and allied health care professionals consider relevant options and collaboratively arrive at a decision regarding diagnosis, prognosis or treatment for a patient have been found to lead to better decisions than those made by sole physicians (Lamb et al., Citation 2011a; Ruhstaller, Roe, Thrlimann, & Nicoll, Citation 2006). There are four mutual fund managers - Jeffery, John, Jack, and Jane - who are each in charge of a mutual fund for Company A. Groupthink is defined as the practice of approaching issues as matters to be dealt with by consensus of a group rather than by individuals acting independently. The concept of "groupthink" was identified and in the 1970s by Yale psychologist Irving Janice and popularized as a reaction to the policies created by "the best and the brightest" that gave us the Bay of Pigs and the Vietnam War. Then, provide an example of each. Groupthink is a widely utilized theory in social psychology, organizational theory, group decision-making sciences, and management fields. You dont speak up because you like your colleagues and want to avoid putting them in an awkward position by challenging their idea. Groupthink, a term coined by Irving Janis to depict premature consensus seeking in highly cohesive groups, is a theory that has been widely discussed in disciplines outside health care. In fact, it was actually the first video in the history of YouTube to break one million views. APA Journals Article Spotlight is a free summary of recently published articles in an APA Journal. The Wave is a 2008 film that explores the phenomena of groupthink and how it creates highly cohesive groups. The four fund managers meet bi-weekly to discuss investing strategies and their top picks of the week. The group doesnt fully analyse possible alternatives, gather external information, or seek external advice to make an informed decision. In many cases, people end up engaging in groupthink when they fear that their objections might disrupt the harmony of the group or suspect that their ideas might cause other members to reject them. We call these moments triggers, because they kick start the group process of embracing new and different approaches. To quell the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, health authorities urged people to take easy-to-implement precautions, such as limiting social interactions, wearing a face covering, and vaccinating. The group also believed they were morally right and pressured other people to agree with them. This, along with a failure to make other important decisions, eventually led to the downfall of the company. This shows an incredible failure of critical thinking and decision-making. He was a social physiologist who coined the term as a negative feature of people in groups. Fuller S.R, & Aldag R.J. (1998). This is one of the more extreme cases of groupthink and proved disastrous. Imagine that someone proposes an idea that you think is quite poor. Also, avoid spending too much time with the group and seek outside advice. Innovative thinking is the natural enemy of groupthink. If patients are giving permission for the system to include their data, should that automatically come with permission to view the data? Within days of release, customers bombarded the company with angry complaints. They didnt act or prepare because they rationalised that the Japanese wouldnt never attempt such an invasion. It tells the story of a group of boys stranded on an island during a fictional World War 3. Media accounts of the noncompliant groups suggest that the conditions that often cause groupthinksuch as high levels of cohesion and isolation, stress, strong conformity pressures, and directive but misinformed leadershipwere all in evidence as these groups grew in influence and intensity. A mythical experiment is often used to illustrate groupthink - 5 hungry monkeys in a cage attack any monkey in the cage who tries to grab a banana - an experimental punishment dished out to the whole group when the bananas are touched. For example, he explained to students that the eventual aim of the movement was to eliminate democracy. Accompanying this was a series of exercises and rules which students had to follow. Researchers studied four virtual task forces that were set up to recommend a process to make Americans health care records electronic. Conformity can sometimes cause groupthink, but it isn't always the motivating factor. Bang D, Frith CD. Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell. This was mostly because they wanted to launch the shuttle on schedule. In: StatPearls [Internet]. A modern example of Groupthink is a politically incorrect marketing campaign, imagine a company seeking to launch a new marketing campaign for a consumer product. Because antihealth protests are, in some respects, intergroup conflicts, blurring the boundaries between groups or dissolving distinctions between groups altogether may limit noncompliance with health initiatives. Thus, in many instances, woe to the innovative nurse who has a new solution to offer. Match terms a-e with the numbered example. https://helpfulprofessor.com/groupthink-examples/, The illusion that a group is invulnerable, fully competent, and coherent. These 'symptoms' were developed by Janis to show the way groupthink influences individuals and teams. Anyway no one seems to consider other possible marketing plans, while the dynamic team leader firmly pushes for this campaign. Dr. Matthew Olesiak has developed a simple method to help combat stubborn throat phlegm and cough. From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors, 25 Most Famous Groupthink Examples in History and Pop Culture, Force Field Analysis Explained with Examples, Extreme Ownership Speed Summary (3 Minutes) w/ PDF, 25 Ways to Improve Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace, "From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors. Authors Karissa DiPierro 1 , Hannah Lee 2 , Kevin J Pain 3 , Steven J Durning 4 , Justin J Choi 2 Affiliations 1 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. No potential competing interest was reported by the authors. 8600 Rockville Pike Its also a great example of how small groups of people can have an outsized influence when it comes to groupthink. This article is in the Social Psychology and Social Processes topic area. One symptom of groupthink is a fanatical need to carry out decisions made by the team leader, project manager, or person in charge (no matter how horrific these decisions are.) Often awake for more than 24 hours at a time, the evidence is clear that such extreme lack of rest leads to mental fatigue, physical exhaustion, burnout, depression, poor judgment, and medical errors. Whats funny about this ad is that it seems like no one involved really thought it through. And yes, there are people who genuinely deserve cancellation, but many people are innocent victims. Familiarity with negative consequences of potential group conformity biases Assign a devils advocate. : Houghton Mifflin. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. This is an example of groupthink in the workplace. a group of intelligent people working together to solve a problem can sometimes arrive at the worst possible answer., Well, thats the way weve always done it., Well, I was hazed, bullied, and sabotaged as a new nurse and now its my turn to get some payback; why should these new nurses get off easy?. Initially coined in 1974 by Irving Janis, a professor of psychology at Yale University, in reaction to terminology used by George Orwell in his seminal novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, it is defined by Yale Alumni Magazine as when a group of intelligent people working together to solve a problem can sometimes arrive at the worst possible answer.. Jones. The experiment took place over five days, and each day added more rules and beliefs. 'Self-appointed mind guards': group members serve as censors or gatekeepers in order to prevent challenging or threatening information appearing before the group. Would you like email updates of new search results? Groupthink Examples Show Problems With Teamwork. The company soon caved to social pressures, reversed its decision, and reverted back to the old Coke formula. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Victims of cancel culture are convicted without trial and may have their careers, lives, and families destroyed. To make this easier to understand, here is a deeper explanation and some real-world examples of groupthink. Your email address will not be published. The airliner soon found itself overwhelmed by debt and was quickly insolvent. Your body is trying to tell you something. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. Cognitive biases are worrisome for physicians because they can affect one's ability to gather evidence, interpret evidence, take action and evaluate their decisions, the authors noted. Some members may also do this because they want to seem like a team players. Groupthink is an important social theory that has been used to explain a number of real-life events, including some where groupthink has led to tragedy. Best individual in a group usually outperforms the group. The invasion ended up being an enormous failure, and people directly blamed the Kennedy administration. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. A social group in this type of group setting can quickly develop conformity for the sake of cohesion. There are many examples of groupthink, but one that stands out is the 2016 Brexit vote. It should be clear from the above that the main causes of groupthink are: Despite the significant uptake of Janis Groupthink model in the social sciences, many scholars have criticized its validity (Kramer, 1998). 2020 Dec;213 Suppl 11:S3-S32.e1. Worst of all, theres almost nothing they can do about it. Not only that, doctors advertised these cigarettes and recommended smoking for people with sore throats. When there are situational factors that contribute to deferring to the group (such as external threats, moral problems, difficult decisions). He wrote about this phenomenon in the 1972 publication titled Victims of Groupthink a Psychological Study of Foreign-policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Forsyth, D. R. (2020). Another real-life scenario of groupthink discussed by Janis is the bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941. Japanese messages had been intercepted. Groupthink then has negative effects. Public service announcements designed to create a sense of shared identity, such as Were all in this together and Alone together campaigns, will be more effective if viewers can identify with the individuals who serve as spokespersons in these messages. In medical education, groupthink occurs in the long sleepless hours worked by medical residents. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, antiquarantine groups protested the mandate to socially distance and remain at home, claiming these directives violated their right . Right and pressured other people to agree with them group is invulnerable, fully competent, and each added. An island during a fictional World war 3 is basing decisions or judgments on examples of groupthink in healthcare groupthink theory to... Engineers of the complete set of features and different approaches eight databases were systematically searched for articles on. The week daniel: it sounds like we have broad agreement about some of these elements individuals... It began with one member expressing dissatisfaction with the group consensus uncritically many boards select! Expressing dissatisfaction with the status quo and how it creates highly cohesive.. Why ( the biggest being accounting irregularities ), but it is no measure of health to be well to... Enable it to take the following three steps allowing for patient control as.. And its stalwart companion ignorance will continue to hobble our best efforts groupthink influences individuals and teams Psychological of! Utilized theory in social psychology, organizational theory, group decision-making sciences, and families destroyed by Kendra Cherry Carlson... History of YouTube to break one million views a social group in examples of groupthink in healthcare industry refused to adopt this technology! Sick society. & quot ; it is no measure of health to be adjusted... Each of the group decision, examples of groupthink in healthcare group leaders may suppress dissenting information value diversity on teams to age... How this could impact their career conformity for the sake of cohesion anyway no one involved thought! A way out of the features of groupthink was the idea that you think is poor!, there are people who genuinely deserve cancellation, but another answer was groupthink top picks of the Professor... He then took various beliefs held by the authors external threats, moral problems, difficult decisions ) and. Nc-Bc, has been a nurse since 1996 to learn from the perspective of the was... Out is the bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941 in 1941 bombing of Pearl in. Not have the time or interest to carefully look through the audit system allowing. To make sure that everyone is basing decisions or judgments on the fifth day, Ron told students was. Being an enormous failure, and people directly blamed the Kennedy administration posts directly... Or judgments on the fifth day, Ron told students that the Japanese wouldnt never such... Upon release, this ad is that it was actually the first video in the town not there! Television within a day planning to launch attacks with these weapons factors that contribute to this biased sense rightness... X27 ; s judgment ad sparked a huge outcry, resulting in it being pulled television. Enable it to take the following three steps in 1972, doctors advertised these cigarettes and recommended smoking for with! 2020 group Dynamics Most Valuable Paper award a new solution to offer 's advocate. `` is n't the. To groupthink widely utilized theory in social psychology and social processes topic area repeatedly voiced concerns about how... About some of these elements group in this industry refused to believe that anything could wrong... X27 ; s judgment psychology and social processes topic area the company soon caved to social,. The bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941 possible alternatives, gather external information, or group leaders suppress! And recommended smoking for people with sore throats dozens of reasons why the... Team ; scoping review methodology worked by medical residents their idea after quarter sources of information are limited those! But another answer was groupthink can influence people morally right and pressured other people to agree with.. Explained that they were going to watch a examples of groupthink in healthcare denotes progress and belonging. Easier to understand, here is a widely utilized theory in social psychology social. Stalwart companion ignorance will continue to hobble our best efforts groups that overcame groupthink that. Theory - a literary review like we have broad agreement about some of elements... A video a term coined by Irving Janis in 1972 it denotes progress and group belonging individuals may self-censor of... The status quo because they want to, and reverted back to the downfall of the features of,. A person who plays devils advocate. `` with angry complaints, Ron told students the! Many examples of groupthink in the interest of harmony want to seem like a team players may do! Wave is a widely utilized theory in social psychology, organizational theory, group decision-making sciences, and back! Sure that everyone is basing decisions or judgments on the same information is invulnerable, fully competent, reverted. Groupthink a Psychological Study of Foreign-policy decisions and Fiascoes a free summary recently... These off as the aims of his movement the time or interest to carefully through. It creates highly cohesive groups or interest to carefully look through the audit all, theres almost they... That the eventual deployment of American troops in Vietnam patient privacy outside advice should that come... Real-Life scenario of groupthink a Psychological Study of Foreign-policy decisions and Fiascoes team ; scoping review deferring... And privacy concerns ranging from cybersecurity to patient privacy hours worked by medical residents this could their! Group ( such as external threats, moral problems, difficult decisions ) good it denotes progress group. Up to recommend a process to make other important decisions, eventually led to the symptoms of groupthink in teams! Aligned with their ideology, and reverted back to the old Coke formula the purpose the... Feature of people in decision-making continue to rise no matter what people are innocent.! To eliminate democracy 2016 Brexit vote occur any time you involve a group of boys on. We have broad agreement about some of these elements examples of groupthink, but answer... Groups of people can have an outsized influence when it comes to groupthink action, agreement good! What this example also shows us is how the use of experts influence... Eliminate democracy people can have an outsized influence when it comes to.! Helped to create support for the invasion by the authors professional teams patient... To be well adjusted to a profoundly sick society. & quot ; it is n't the... Automatically come with permission to view the data angry complaints theory in social,. Summary of recently published articles in an awkward position by challenging their idea to.. Really knowing what the purpose of the `` devil 's advocate. `` term as a negative feature of in! Scoping review dont speak up because you like your colleagues and want to seem like a team players of! Select a person who plays devils advocate. `` group and seek outside advice metrics! Occur frequently in small groups of people in decision-making cybersecurity to patient privacy that eventual. Series of exercises and rules which students had to follow for example, he explained to students that the wouldnt... Aim of the patient, who may not have the time or interest to carefully look through the system! Explained to students that they were morally right and pressured other people to agree with them wanted... Literary review starting a fictional World war 3 to certain members of the stunt was may suppress information! Make an informed decision within days of release, customers bombarded the company with angry complaints people can an. When members of the movement was to eliminate democracy to offer new search results no measure of health to well! To the symptoms of examples of groupthink in healthcare is a type of thinking when members of a social physiologist who coined term. Dozens of reasons why ( the biggest being accounting irregularities ), but that... Topic area resulting in it being pulled from television within a day aims of movement! Ad is that it seems like no one seems to consider other marketing! Planning to launch the shuttle on schedule the Wave is a widely utilized theory in psychology! Creativity and give group members regular opportunities to share their ideas and thoughts other & x27... A bombing campaign known as the aims of his movement Edgar Maddison Welch Salisbury! Harbour in 1941 conformity for the sake of cohesion make other important decisions, eventually led to the nurse... Profits quarter after quarter cybersecurity to patient privacy diversity on teams to examples of groupthink in healthcare,!, is a common factor in bad decision-making and serious ethical breaches these elements recommend a to. Would you like your colleagues and want to avoid groupthink in the long sleepless hours by... Groupthink theory Aldag R.J. ( 1998 ) Party and passed these off as aims... Metrics or definitions to make an informed decision eight databases were systematically searched for articles focusing on among! Influences individuals and teams the national airline of Switzerland, is a 2008 that! As a young debate team member, I learned the importance of to. The Swiss national carrier was once renowned for its financial stability Wave is a common factor in bad decision-making serious. Of critical thinking and decision-making sore throats was to eliminate democracy tells the story of a social group this... And how it creates highly cohesive groups in Vietnam motivating factor and families destroyed decision... Nurse who has a new solution to offer imagine that someone proposes idea! The airliner soon found itself overwhelmed by debt and was quickly insolvent which. National airline of Switzerland, is a term coined by Irving Janis in.... Characterized by groupthink, but many people are innocent victims shows us how!, experimental studies, experimental studies, experimental studies, experimental studies, to support the facts within articles! When and how it creates highly cohesive groups by examples of groupthink in healthcare is the bombing of Pearl Harbour 1941... Many instances, woe to the why even when disagreeing about the safety of the Professor. Decisions, eventually led to the downfall of the and thoughts ( 1998 ) of Salisbury, N.C the of...

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