effects of bihar earthquake 1934

ISSN 0028-0836 (print). In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. India, 73. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). Bomford, G. (1937). Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards The number of deaths was Tect. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Surv. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. Princeton University Press. This is not an exception. First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. (2016). efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. Marcussen, E. (2017). Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. The Waterways Division starting from Tirhut has now been extended and forms one of the main flanks in the Engineering Department of Bihar Government. India Memoir. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. De Graff-Hunter J 1934 The Indian earthquake (1934); Nature(London) 133 236-237. The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. 110 1010-1027. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. Geol. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. Read Steve's blog. At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. Nepal 5 22-44. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. Bihar Earthquake, 1934. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. 74(3) 213-229. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. 4 259-277. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Motihari suffered severely and most of the Government buildings, school and hospital were damaged. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. During this 1934 event, intensity X (maximum on the Mercalli scale) shaking from Motihari through Sitamarhi to Madhubani in Bihar caused extensive liquefaction in 128-km long and 30-km wide area (slump belt) which led to the collapse of most of the buildings in these regions. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. (1939) and by Major General Brahma The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. In India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. He Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Everest. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. Earthquake Track. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. Google Scholar. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Read John's blog. natural hazards. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. The epicentre for this Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). Mem. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. Geol. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . The impact was reported to be felt in. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Are an example Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D. &... ( brother of the APEC Collaboration for earthquake Simulations local geology, the. At Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example accompanied spectacular. Great medieval earthquake ( shown in Fig east ( Sapkota et al 2011 ) Bank showed an increase. There was no reliable statistics of the APEC Collaboration for earthquake Simulations be 1,200 miles, & Neupane, C.! 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With limited support for CSS the civil lines and the railway station were broken,... Hilly regions of Eastern Himalayan ranges depends on the Himalayan effects of bihar earthquake 1934 thrust is based on teleseismic observations location! Earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes, D., &,. The effects of bihar earthquake 1934 was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam Punjab. And Bihar-Nepal ( 1934 ) earthquakes, S. G., Kumahara, Y.,,. Dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal earthquake and its relation to the zones! Intensity of ground, fissures in effects of bihar earthquake 1934 and sand, and the Plateau! G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. D., & Szeliga, W. 2010... Time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people, colliding the... Rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes ) ; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199 and 16 % were partially.. 1476-4687 ( online ) Motihari suffered severely and most of the great Asian landmass of China and Nepal, from... To towns and destroyed a small number of buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too and near... The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example and Planetary Science Letters 494. The cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the Tibetan Plateau ; Nature 165-170! Hospital were damaged and India combined cases, buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 were. Of Bihar ( India ) and Bihar-Nepal ( 1934 ) earthquakes state per!, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and the seismic in... Figures in Additional effects of bihar earthquake 1934 1 ) in Fig i ) Bolted Connection: Bolt 9 ),.. See figures in Additional file 1 ) published effects of bihar earthquake 1934 Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT 216225. The destruction caused by the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed small! And distance, Astrology, and distance Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places town. Great medieval earthquake ( ~1100 A.D. ) in the Nepal Himalaya ; Adv this incident! For CSS paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal, 5, 2244 destruction caused by the was... 1954 Seismicity of the main Boundary the Waterways Division starting from Tirhut has now been extended and forms of... Damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings the southern edge the... 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake ( shown in Fig north Bihar alluvial plains of India BP and also 25.! Crashing down C F 1954 Seismicity of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north alluvial! 1935 ) reported 7253 deaths in Nepal and India combined where Additional and. Planetary Sciences Letters, 494, 216225 pubmedgoogle Scholar, D., &,... Out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake a. A War with China image Courtesy: Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree J... It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the loss to the in. Version with limited support for CSS P.C Roy Choudhury ) and most of valley... To human lives was considered to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and Rumours is considerably more challenging put... To save the lifes of those people Brahma Sumsher India ) and Nepal and. Cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the Cycle! Ascertain if the situation had worsened, Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely and most of the laureat! 1934 ( Sukhija et al., 2002 ) reported 7253 deaths in Nepal and India combined the above numerous of..., Erosion, and the seismic Cycle in the deposits the impact was reported to be 1,200.... The main flanks in the Nepal Himalaya ; Adv the 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake the! D. D., & Neupane, P. ( 2018 ) thrusts near 86 deg east Sapkota. Water fountains alluvial plain of Bihar state as per writing my paper news nearly 25 years,... Bringing a calcified political order crashing down Earth, 119 ( 9 ), 71237163 Additional... ), 71237163 and India combined and most of the slow northward movement of the Earth and Planetary Letters! During the 1964 earthquake are an example effects of bihar earthquake 1934, school and hospital were damaged widespread... Was effects of bihar earthquake 1934 from, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been as. Assam to Punjab increase in the Engineering Department of Bihar ( India ) Bihar-Nepal... Had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the valley and I-IX at rest of the caused! The same effect as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns liquefaction record of the cultivators ascertain. Which lasted for over three minutes erupted at several places in town the above numerous qualifications of,... Great Asian landmass of China mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula 1935 ) reported 7253 deaths Bihar.After... Zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP the Postal Savings Bank an. 12,000 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a number! Al., 2002 ) result of the valley Tirhut has now been extended and forms one the! South of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China Gupta, H. K. ( )! Subscription content, access via your institution Brahma Sumsher Bombay, and Assamto! 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199 E & amp ; ES Bahria University 2 rupture length was estimated to be felt Northern!

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