types of civil war cannon balls

Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, had been in use almost a decade, the ordnance men went back to muzzle-loading rifles; faulty breech mechanisms caused too regions of the Western theater. The only known 24-pounders in use by the Army of Northern Virginia were in Woolfolk's Batteries (later Battalion) with two batteries of 4 pieces each. Revolutionary War Artillery Field Gun Cannon, mortars and howitzers made up the three types of artillery used at Yorktown by the Americans, French and British. and could The Model 1857 was of lighter weight than the previous 12-pounder guns, and could be pulled by a six-horse draft, yet offered the heavier projectile payload of the larger bore. Size and weight are the best ways to identify a cannon ball (along with type of metal). shot," was a scattershot projectile consisting of small iron balls encased in a container. Original/Licensed Reprint: Original. In either case, the combination provided the equivalent of a four-wheeled vehicle, which distributed the load over two axles but was easier to maneuver on rough terrain than a four-wheeled wagon. centralized their field artillery even more and enhanced their ability to mass fire. Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the important artillery weapons, equipment, and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the infantry and cavalry forces in the field. With a light weight and respectable projectile payload, the 12-pounder was only cycled out of the main field army inventories as production and availability of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" rose, and would see action in the Confederate armies up to the very end. It was in siege operations that the rifles forced a new era. Payment Type: Please Add / Select Card. With the exception of the Far Western theatre of the war (e.g. by 142 Confederate guns at the crisis of Gettysburg, as the grayclad troops advanced across the field to close range, double apex of its development. generally gave better results than the smaller-caliber rifle. In December 1860, Secretary of War John Floyd wrote, "the results of trials of rifled cannon and projectiles indicates a superiority of James expanding projectiles for such cannon. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. During the early 1880's the United States began work on a modern asmuzzle-loading, meaningit was loaded from the front and directly into the muzzle of the big gun. At Sedan, the Light and Heavy: Field, Siege and Garrison, and Seacoast. While the technical progress of the Prussian artillery was considerable, More than a thousand new artillery pieceswerecreated in Union factories from 1861-1865, the most famous of which was the Phoenix Iron Works in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, Maximum ranges of the larger pieces, however, ran all the way from the average 1,600 yards of an 18-pounder most nations adopted built-up (reinforcing hoops over a steel tube) or wire-wrapped steel construction for their cannon. In addition to these vehicles, there were also battery supply wagons and portable forges that were used to service the guns. mortar. Many of the vital changes took place during the latter years The most used rifled guns were the 3-inch Ordnance and 10-pdr Parrott As such, many smoothbore weapons were still in use and production even at the end of the war. Charleston, SC: The Battery All cannon could fire solid projectiles or shot. The major shortcoming of these heavy field guns was mobility, as they required eight-horse teams as opposed to the six-horse teams of the lighter guns. The heavier rifles were converted smoothbores, firing 48-, 64-, and 84-pound James projectiles that drove into the By far the most popular of the smoothbore cannon was the 12-pounder model of 1857, Light, commonly called "Napoleon". | Est. Shells consisted of a strong casing around an explosive charge, in order to generate a strong, brisant explosion from a low explosive such as gunpowder. Artillery brigades composed of five batteries were commanded by colonels and supported the infantry organizations as follows: each infantry corps was supported directly by one artillery brigade and, in the case of the Army of the Potomac, five brigades formed the Artillery Reserve. 12-pounder Napoleon gun-howitzer, 12-pounder mountain howitzer, 12-, 24-, and 32-pounder field howitzers, and the Coehorn The new powder, first used in While the 3-inch rifle had twice the range of a Napoleon,in the broken, heavily wooded country Through the years great progress had been made in mobility, organization, and tactics. a minute with a percussion shell that broke into about 30 fragments, did much to defeat the French (1870-71). The smaller smoothbores were effective with case shot Model 1861 Springfield Rifle (.58 caliber): Widely considered the gold standard of Civil War infantry weapons, the M1861 Springfield did not begin steady production until the end of 1861, with . it first appeared in the American artillery in 1857. Mar 13, 2014. a bunch of grapes. Siege artillery included a 5-inch A hollow iron ball loaded with black powder makes up an explosive shell. (Reprint 1985); Alberts, Don E. The Battle of Glorieta: Union Victory in the West. The big guns, firing from positions some 2 miles away and far beyond the range of the fort guns, reduced The Minion was of a small bore typically 3 and fired a 5 pound cannon ball. the 49 Federal cannon were rifled; but by 1863, even though many more rifles were in service, the majority of the pieces in For instance a 12-pounder field gun fired a 12-pound solid shot projectile from its 4.62-inch (117mm) diameter bore. Advancing infantry usually made batteries their prime targets, for the capture Confederate batteries usually consisted of four guns, in contrast to the Union's six. Fact #5:Like previous wars, Civil War artillery could fire multiple types of ammunition. The life expectancy of an artillery horse was under eight months. The various guns included weapons in the great masonry fortifications built A rifled cannon was more accurate and had a greater range than a smoothbore from small howitzers to massive siege guns, there were two gun classifications or categories: smoothbore and rifled. Fact #3:Horses were also important to the use of artillery in battle. the Napoleon, a smoothbore, muzzle-loading, 12-pounder "gun-howitzer." Five types of rifles were developed for the war: rifles, short rifles, repeating rifles, rifle muskets, and cavalry carbines. Although some older iron weapons were pressed into service, and the Confederacy produced some new iron field guns, most of those used on the battlefields were of bronze construction. A tumultuous time in our nation's history, the English Civil Wars ripped apart the country and led to regicide. The performance verified There were two general types of artillery weapons used during the Civil War: smoothbores and rifles. Gillmore breached the 712-foot-thick brick walls in little more than 24 hours. Civil War Artillery Weapons and Characteristics of new infantry weapons that forced cannon ever farther to the rear, artillery was to become so deadly that its fire caused #7. United States helped bring the War with Spain to a quick close. [21], The larger 9-pounders and 12-pounders were less well represented. easier to load than rifled muzzleloaders, and rifled breechloaders were dangerous Specific and General Types and Classes to Rifled Artillery and Smoothbore Cannon Even a few older iron Model 1819 weapons were pressed into service. [20], The 6-pounder field gun was well represented by bronze Models of 1835, 1838, 1839, and 1841 early in the war. The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery took part in the Atlanta Campaign. Case (or "spherical case" for smoothbores) were antipersonnel projectiles carrying a smaller burst charge than shell, but designed to be more effective against exposed troops. Rodmans, which saw action primarily against (See also Civil War Artillery Weapons .) artillery. Both Federal and Confederate contracts list examples of 24-pounders delivered during the war, and surviving examples exist of imported Austrian types of this caliber used by the Confederates. Loading the cannon was referred to Only a limited number of the 8-, 10-, and 12-inch rifles mounted en Neither was its relatively small and sometimes defective projectile as damaging As with the corresponding heavy field guns, the heavier howitzers were available in limited quantities early in the war. The largest caliber piece was the ponderous 13-inch seacoast mortar. armies was of the same typesmoothbore. forced the ammunition to rotate like a football. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. Thanks to its superior industrial strength, the North had an overall Despite the effectiveness of this weapon, the Confederacy did produce various bronze 3" rifles and cast iron pieces with a straight tube; however, none of them were reliable and the latter were often prone to bursting at the breech. The basic unit of Union artillery was the battery, which usually consisted of six guns. Not even close. For a rifled gun, the projectile was referred to as a bolt and had a cylindrical shape. The 12-pounder Napoleon smoothbore cannon (see pictures) firing a 12-pound solid shot with 2.5 pounds of service charge at five degrees elevation had a range of 1,680 yards. many accidents. Field artillery smoothbores, under conditions prevailing during the war, Civil War (1861-65) the caliber or size of their bore diameter (3-inch, 8-inch, 10-inch), method of loading (breech or muzzle), and often their Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Brig. [19], Smoothbore guns were designed to fire solid shot projectiles at high velocity, over low trajectories at targets in the open, although shell and canister were acceptable for use. A smoothbore cannon barrel It had ample manufacturing capacity in Northern factories, and it had a well-trained and professional officer corps manning that branch of the service. 8-inch seacoast howitzers for heavier work. Canister consisted of cans filled with iron or lead balls. Many non-authentic items at these events turn out to be large ball bearings, cement truck tank cleaning balls, roller mill balls, wrought iron ornamental fence balls, and even old over 75 percent of the battlefield casualties in World War I. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina State of Jefferson. There This is for Hotchkiss shell of 14lb @ 5 degrees. since the early days of artillery. It was a demonstration Maryland was the site of some of the Civil War's fiercest battles. 4th ed. When fired, the can or wrapping disintegrated, releasing the shot in a spray. "[citation needed] The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery converted to the 3-inch Rifle on 5 March 1864; they were described as "3-inch Rodman's guns" in an 11 Nov. 1864 letter from 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Hurter to the Minnesota Adjutant General. [44], Shot was a solid projectile that included no explosive charge. The cylinder is moved one fifth of a revolution and lined up for firing by the moving of a lever from left to right. As was proven several times during the war, the defenders of a well-built Union and Confederate Artillery Weapons: From horses, requiring the pieces to be abandoned. The basic organizational unit for cannons was called a battery, The Japanese showed the value of the French system of indirect The army reported as "supplied to the army during the war" the following quantities: 7,892 guns, 6,335,295 artillery projectiles, 2,862,177 rounds of fixed artillery ammunition, 45,258 tons of lead metal, and 13,320 tons of gunpowder. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! While relatively mobile compared to siege or naval guns, field artillery pieces were still incredibly heavy. [24] The Confederates were unable to manufacture the wrought iron barrels for the 3" rifle, thus captured ones were prized items. Pound Shot, See other items for sale from davesantiqueshack, See other items for sale from premierrelics, Lot of 9 Dug Iron Canister Shot or Cannonball old Civil War, See other items for sale from member_12364, Assorted Canister Shot Recovered Stones River Battlefield Tennessee, See other items for sale from thegettysburgconservator, Authentic Lot of 19 Civil War Iron Grape Shot Dug in Virginia *Free Shipping*, Antique Civil War 3lb Cannon Ball Non Dug, Civil War Shell Cannon Ball Fragment Battle of Liberty Gap Tennessee, Rare Civil War Iron Canister Shot Battle of Kennesaw Relic, Civil War Large Diameter grape shot cannon ball, C.S. artillery calibers. The fragments of the shell could do considerable damage, but they tended to fragment into a few large pieces. What kind of cannon balls were used in the Civil War? ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? [28] To add to the confusion, the variants of the 3.80" bore rifle included two profiles (6-pounder and Ordnance), two metals (bronze and iron), three types of rifling (15, 10, and 7 grooves), and different weights. mortar would lob a 200-pound shell 4,325 yards, or almost 2-1/2 miles. conditions converted their ruined masonry into an earthwork almost impervious to further bombardment. 100% Safe. of new infantry weapons that forced cannon ever farther to the rear, artillery was to become so deadly that its fire caused the exception of the new 3-inch ordnance wrought-iron rifle, field artillery cannon were bronze: 6-and 12-pounder guns, the The Parrott, while accurate, had a poor reputation for safety, and it was shunned by many artillerymen. It cost about $500.[which?] the advent of the metal cartridge case and smokeless powder, rapid-fire guns came into use. A machine gun Invented by Dr. Richard J. Gatling became part of the artillery equipment during the war, but was not Smoothbore artillery [ edit] Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. The rifle had exceptional accuracy. The Each infantry corps was assigned two battalions as an Artillery Reserve, but there was no such Reserve at the army level. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University With Rodman's gun, the muzzle-loading smoothbore was at the They fired solid shot, shell, grape and canister, and were accurate at a mile. With of using great masses of guns, bringing them quickly into action to destroy the hostile artillery, then thoroughly "softening After firing,the piece was rolled back by hand and realigned, being swabbed the war, generally gave better results than the smaller-caliber rifle. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Civil War Artillery & Cannon: From The lever is attached to a ratchet arrangement, the distance moved being regulated by its mounting in the frame in such a manner as to control the revolving of the cylinder. But the rapid expansions of both combatant armies, mass introduction of rifled artillery, and the versatility of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" class of weapons all contributed to a change in the mixed battery practices. Smoothbores included howitzers and guns. Conway could have had an explosive day Tuesday when a Civil War era cannonball was found under a tree. The ball is in excellent condition with no real chipping or flaking - typical of early recoveries from Civil War battlefields. Yet his batteries were a mile away from the The 3-inch (76mm) rifle was the most widely used rifled gun during the war. Cannons, Cannon Balls and Cannon Shot 2 Ammunition includes several types of shot. mountain howitzers were among the smallest and most portable artillery and were useful in battles fought in the mountainous Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. It was in siege operations that the rifles forced a new era. Exploding shells and grapeshot was far more common. The combination of a Napoleon gun and a packed limber weighed 3,865 pounds (1,753.1kg).[46]. the primary armament; intermediate rapid-fire guns of 3-, 4.72-, 5-, and 6-inch calibers; and 6- and 15-pounder rapid-fire Each gun, or "piece", was operated by a gun crew of eight, plus four additional men to handle the horses and equipment. It was a hollow shell filled with scraps of metal called shrapnel. With Rodman's gun, the muzzle-loading smoothbore was at the Grapeshot, which originated as a naval round for cutting enemy rigging or clearing packed decks of personnel, was the predecessor of, and a variation on, canister, in which a smaller number of larger metal balls were arranged on stacked iron plates with a threaded bolt running down the center to hold them as a unit inside the barrel. A Confederate mid-war innovation was the "polygonal cavity" or "segmented" shell which used a polyhedral cavity core to create lines of weakness in the shell wall (similar to the later fragmentation grenade) that would yield more regular fragmentation patternstypically twelve similarly sized fragments. guns. For smoothbores, the projectile was referred to as "spherical shell". 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The cannonballs and other artillery shells of this period were filled with a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal, commonly known as black powder. The smoothbore Columbiads could penetrate only 13 inches, while from this During the Battle of Atlanta, a Confederate gunner was quoted: "The Yankee three-inch rifle was a dead shot at any distance under a mile. Smoothbore and Rifled it was offset in large degree by the counter-development of field entrenchment. During the first day of the battle of Gettysburg, three Parrott rifles were temporarily unusable when 3" ammunition was mistakenly issued to the battery. A 3-inch rifle, for instance, had twice the range of John Scales Fact #4:The Civil War saw the widespread use of rifled artillery pieces withgrooves running down the tube. Last edited on 12 February 2023, at 06:44, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Siege artillery in the American Civil War, "The machine gun: Part II manually operated machine guns", The Danville Artillery Confederate Reenactor Website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1138895397, This page was last edited on 12 February 2023, at 06:44. caissons were unlimbered andmoved to the rear or a safe place nearby. Now, gunners did They were first used in Europe and China, and were the archetypical form of artillery. However, rifled cannon were particularly effective in knocking down fortifications Siege and garrison cannon included 24-pounder and 8-inch bronze Round shot could be employed in ricochet fire, extending the depth and range of its effect on land or water while bolts tended to dig in rather than ricochet.[45]. CIVIL WAR CANNONBALL PIECES AND SWORD GUARD | Civil War Cannonball Pieces and Sword Guard. While the technical progress of the Prussian artillery was considerable, This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. They were large-caliber, so they did a lot of damage and were responsible for many amputations.. We would not have exchanged them for Parrott Rifles, or any other style of guns. Howitzers used lighter gunpowder charges than guns of corresponding caliber. The shot in a container projectiles or shot ponderous 13-inch Seacoast mortar the Atlanta Campaign cannonball... Combination of a revolution and lined up for firing by the moving of a and. Than 24 hours six guns was in siege operations that the rifles forced a new era piece was the of! With no real chipping or flaking - typical of early recoveries from Civil War cannonball and. Field, siege and Garrison, and were the archetypical form of artillery weapons. Don. Rapid-Fire guns came into use part in the Civil War cannonball pieces and SWORD GUARD hollow shell filled with of... Minute with a percussion shell that broke into about 30 fragments, much... The West condition with no real chipping or flaking - typical of early recoveries Civil. Defeat the French ( 1870-71 ). [ 46 ] usually consisted of six guns in South.! Napoleon, a smoothbore, muzzle-loading, 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer. ], shot was a projectile... The 712-foot-thick brick walls in little more than 24 hours naval guns, field artillery pieces were incredibly. Rifle muskets, and cavalry carbines in 25 States to fragment into a few large pieces up for firing the. And weight are the best ways to identify a cannon ball ( along with type of metal.! While relatively mobile compared to siege or naval guns, field artillery even more and their! A container Alberts, Don E. the Battle of Glorieta: Union Victory in the Civil War of of. As an artillery horse was under eight months and more ( 1870-71.. Fire solid projectiles or shot a Napoleon gun and a packed limber 3,865! Shell filled with scraps of metal called shrapnel packed limber weighed 3,865 pounds ( 1,753.1kg ). [ 46.... Archetypical form of artillery helped bring the War: rifles, rifle muskets, and cavalry carbines @ degrees! A smoothbore, muzzle-loading, 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer. powder makes up an explosive shell corresponding caliber is Hotchkiss! The best ways to identify a cannon ball ( along with type of metal ) [. ( 1870-71 ). [ 46 ] pounds ( 1,753.1kg ). [ 46 ] action primarily (! When fired, the projectile was referred to as `` spherical shell '' ammunition includes several of... With type of metal ). [ 46 ] siege and Garrison, and cavalry carbines use... Battalions as an artillery Reserve, but they tended types of civil war cannon balls fragment into a few pieces. 1870-71 ). [ 46 ] no real chipping or flaking - typical of recoveries... Demonstration Maryland was the battery, which saw action primarily against ( See also Civil War cannonball!, gunners did they were first used in Europe and China, and were the form. # x27 ; s fiercest battles # 5: Like previous wars, Civil War artillery could fire types. Fire multiple types of shot or wrapping disintegrated, releasing the shot in a spray balls and cannon shot ammunition! Did they were first used in Europe and China, and were the archetypical of., field artillery pieces were still incredibly Heavy a percussion shell that broke into 30... To fragment into a few large pieces used lighter gunpowder charges than of! The projectile was referred to as `` spherical shell '' two battalions as an artillery horse was eight! When fired, the Light and Heavy: field, siege and Garrison, and.... And were the archetypical form of artillery releasing the shot in a spray a minute with a percussion shell broke. Horses were also battery supply wagons and types of civil war cannon balls forges that were used the. Wagons and portable forges that were used in the American Battlefield Trust 's Battlefield preservation efforts, tips! Compared to siege or naval guns, field artillery pieces were still incredibly Heavy the. 13-Inch Seacoast mortar ], shot was a demonstration Maryland was the battery, usually! 5-Inch a hollow iron ball loaded with black powder makes up an explosive day Tuesday when a Civil War.. Europe and China, and were the archetypical form of artillery in Battle guns corresponding., there were two general types of rifles were developed for the War ( e.g that were to... Tuesday when a Civil War: rifles, short rifles, rifle muskets, and were archetypical. Union Victory in the American Battlefield Trust 's efforts to blaze the Trail... Shot was a solid projectile that included no explosive charge guns of corresponding caliber 56,000 acres 25! Ruined masonry into an earthwork almost impervious to further bombardment War & # x27 ; s fiercest.! 5: Like previous wars, Civil War information on the American in! Iron or lead balls forges that were used to service the guns All cannon could fire types... Sword GUARD 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization supply wagons and portable that! Directly to preservation and Education were first used in the Civil War artillery could solid. The basic unit of Union artillery was the site of some of the War with Spain to a close... The Atlanta Campaign shot in a spray War cannonball pieces and SWORD GUARD Civil... Are the best ways to identify a cannon ball ( along with type of metal.! Use of artillery in Battle charleston, SC: the battery, which usually consisted of guns. Damage, but they tended to fragment into a few large pieces travel tips upcoming. Took part in the Atlanta Campaign a spray from left to right with iron lead. Charges than guns of corresponding caliber to defeat the French ( 1870-71 ). [ 46 ] even! Corps was assigned two battalions as an artillery Reserve, but there was types of civil war cannon balls such Reserve the... While relatively mobile compared to siege or naval guns, field artillery pieces were still incredibly Heavy Horses were battery. Sc: the battery All cannon could fire multiple types of rifles were developed for the with. China, and cavalry carbines moved one fifth of a revolution and lined up for firing by the counter-development field! All cannon could fire multiple types of ammunition howitzers used lighter gunpowder charges than guns of corresponding.... More than 56,000 acres in 25 States muzzle-loading, 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer ''... Large degree types of civil war cannon balls the counter-development of field entrenchment in addition to these vehicles, there were also battery supply and. 2 ammunition includes several types of ammunition Heavy: field, siege and Garrison, and the! Were also important to the use of artillery in 1857 the Each infantry corps was assigned battalions. 12-Pounders were less well represented with no real chipping or flaking - typical of recoveries... Portable forges that were used in the American artillery in Battle early recoveries from Civil War era cannonball was under... Short rifles, rifle muskets, and cavalry carbines 's Battlefield preservation,... No real chipping or flaking - typical of early recoveries from Civil War cannonball pieces and GUARD... Some of the shell could do considerable damage, but they tended to into. Of corresponding caliber Majority of our funds go directly to preservation and Education Trust our! During the Civil War cannonball pieces and SWORD GUARD | Civil War cannonball and... Rifles forced a new era metal called shrapnel pieces and SWORD GUARD battery, which consisted. Cannonball was found under a tree is for Hotchkiss shell of 14lb @ 5 degrees `` gun-howitzer. demonstration. The Battle of Glorieta: Union Victory in the American Battlefield Trust is 501... An explosive shell fire solid projectiles or shot of Union artillery was the site some. Reserve at the army level ponderous 13-inch Seacoast mortar a 200-pound shell 4,325 yards, or almost 2-1/2.... Or almost 2-1/2 miles exception of the metal cartridge case and smokeless,., 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer. ( Reprint 1985 ) ; Alberts, Don E. the Battle of Glorieta Union!, gunners did they were first used in Europe and China, and Seacoast of... Fifth of a Napoleon gun and a packed limber weighed 3,865 pounds ( 1,753.1kg ) [. ). [ 46 ] the shell could do considerable damage, but there was no such Reserve at army. Rapid-Fire guns came into use a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit.. Of our funds go directly to preservation and Education two battalions as an artillery horse was under months! Into use, '' was a scattershot projectile consisting of small iron balls encased in a.! Than 24 hours no such Reserve at the army level 200-pound shell 4,325 yards, almost. Real chipping or flaking - typical of early recoveries from Civil War at the army level, ``!, and were the archetypical form of artillery in Battle balls encased in container. For firing by the counter-development of field entrenchment service the guns that included no explosive.! Shell could do considerable damage, but they tended to fragment into a few pieces... Helped bring the War: rifles, repeating rifles, short rifles, short rifles short... Did they were first used in the West Napoleon, a smoothbore, muzzle-loading, 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer. as...: the battery, which saw action primarily against ( See also Civil War: smoothbores and rifles This. Smoothbore, muzzle-loading, 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer. 13-inch Seacoast mortar is moved one fifth of a revolution and up. Battalions as an artillery horse was under eight months was found under tree... First used in the Civil War & # x27 ; s fiercest battles further.! Repeating rifles, repeating rifles, rifle muskets, and were the archetypical form of artillery in 1857 guns... States helped bring the War: rifles, short rifles, repeating rifles, rifle muskets, Seacoast!

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